Ovarian Cancer Essays (3988 words) - Gynaecological Cancer, RTT

Ovarian Cancer Of all gynecologic malignancies, ovarian cancer continues to have the highest mortality and is the most difficult to diagnose. In the United States female population, ovarian cancer ranks fifth in absolute mortality among cancer related deaths (13,000/yr). In most reported cases, ovarian cancer, when first diagnosed is in stages III or IV in about 60 to 70% of patients which further complicates treatment of the disease (Barber, 3). Early detection in ovarian cancer is hampered by the lack of appropriate tumor markers and clinically, most patients fail to develop significant symptoms until they reach advanced stage disease. The characteristics of ovarian cancer have been studied in primary tumors and in established ovarian tumor cell lines which provide a reproducible source of tumor material. Among the major clinical problems of ovarian cancer, malignant progression, rapid emergence of drug resistance, and associated cross-resistance remain unresolved. Ovarian cancer has a high frequency of metastasis yet generally remains localized within the peritoneal cavity. Tumor development has been associated with aberrant, dysfunctional expression and/or mutation of various genes. This can include oncogene overexpression, amplification or mutation, aberrant tumor suppressor expression or mutation. Also, subversion of host antitumor immune responses may play a role in the pathogenesis of cancer (Sharp, 77). Ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma was first described by Peham in 1899 as "hypernephroma of the ovary" because of its resemblance to renal cell carcinoma. By 1939, Schiller noted a histologic similarity to mesonephric tubules and classified these tumors as "mesonephromas." In 1944, Saphir and Lackner described two cases of "hypernephroid carcinoma of the ovary" and proposed "clear cell" adenocarcinoma as an alternative term. Clear cell tumors of the ovary are now generally considered to be of mullerian and in the genital tract of mullerian origin. A number of examples of clear cell adenocarcinoma have been reported to arise from the epithelium of an endometriotic cyst (Yoonessi, 289). Occasionally, a renal cell carcinoma metastasizes to the ovary and may be confused with a primary clear cell adenocarcinoma. Ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma (OCCA) has been recognized as a distinct histologic entity in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of ovarian tumors since 1973 and is the most lethal ovarian neoplasm with an overall five year survival of only 34% (Kennedy, 342). Clear cell adenocarcinoma, like most ovarian cancers, originates from the ovarian epithelium which is a single layer of cells found on the surface of the ovary. Patients with ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma are typically above the age of 30 with a median of 54 which is similar to that of ovarian epithelial cancer in general. OCCA represents approximately 6% of ovarian cancers and bilateral ovarian involvement occurs in less that 50% of patients even in advanced cases. The association of OCCA and endometriosis is well documented (De La Cuesta, 243). This was confirmed by Kennedy et al who encountered histologic or intraoperative evidence of endometriosis in 45% of their study patients. Transformation from endometriosis to clear cell adenocarcinoma has been previously demonstrated in sporadic cases but was not observed by Kennedy et al. Hypercalcemia occurs in a significant percentage of patients with OCCA. Patients with advanced disease are more typically affected than patients with nonmetastatic disease. Patients with OCCA are also more likely to have Stage I disease than are patients with ovarian epithelial cancer in general (Kennedy, 348). Histologic grade has been useful as an initial prognostic determinant in some studies of epithelial cancers of the ovary. The grading of ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma has been problematic and is complicated by the multiplicity of histologic patterns found in the same tumor. Similar problems have been found in attempted grading of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the endometrium (Disaia, 176). Despite these problems, tumor grading has been attempted but has failed to demonstrate prognostic significance. However, collected data suggest that low mitotic activity and a predominance of clear cells may be favorable histologic features (Piver, 136). Risk factors for OCCA and ovarian cancer in general are much less clear than for other genital tumors with general agreement on two risk factors: nulliparity and family history. There is a higher frequency of carcinoma in unmarried women and in married women with low parity. Gonadal dysgenesis in children is associated with a higher risk of developing ovarian cancer while oral contraceptives are associated with a decreased risk. Genetic and candidate host genes may be altered in susceptible families. Among those currently under investigation is BRCA1 which has been associated with an increased susceptibility to breast cancer. Approximately 30% of ovarian adenocarcinomas express high levels of HER-2/neu oncogene which correlates with a poor prognosis (Altcheck, 375-376).

Corporal Punishment Essays - Behavior, Human Behavior, Parenting

Corporal Punishment Essays - Behavior, Human Behavior, Parenting Corporal Punishment Corporal Punishment " Children needs Discipline but not hitting" (Walker, n.d,). In this quo te, Walker expresses the idea that e ffective discipline can help children learn how to control their behavior so that they act responsibly to attest to what is wrong and right. This happens not because they are afraid of punishment, but because they are truthful because they think it is a wrong thing to lie. Discipline can also be called corporal punishment which is further define as a punishment meant to cause pain on a person or an intentional infliction of physical pain for a perceived misbeh avior for example spanking. Pinching, sl apping and hitting with objects (Block, 2004) . While corporal punishment is easy to define, it is less easy to justify as the best strategy for disciplining children. It is usually imposed in settings with a significant inequality of power between the people who participate in it. The opposition claims tha t spanking is not good for kids because of its detrimental effects on children. t his claim is supported with the following reasons: It leads to aggression, it affects parent's child relationship, it has its psychological effect, it causes anti- social behavior, lower cognitive abilities, and an increase risk of being abused by their parents. The more children are spanked, the more aggressive and antisocial they were. Children who were spanked are more likely to have mental health problem, problematic relationship with other parents and lower cognitive ability (Kaylor, 2016). Although many people believe that corporal punishment is the most effective form of discipline, in contrast, the use of corporal punishment as means of discipline will result in behavioral disorders as illustrated by: factors that include aggression, antisocial behavior, physical injury, and mental health problems for children. Background Histo rically, it has been reviewed that corporal punishment may lead to adverse child effect (Gershoff, Kaylor tr , 2002). The review showed that spanking was associated with 13 of the 17 outcomes examined , and all showed spanking was linked with several negative developing results for children who had tested corporal punishment including distraction, anti-social behavior, poor academic accomplishment, poor affection, and lack of parent- child warmth and mental health for example hopelessness, depression and others including substances and alcohol abuse. During the nineteenth century, it was argued that corporal punishment should not be used for academic errors and suggested that learning occurred best with encouragement and kindness (Fellenberg, n.d.). for example, during my high school days, I was afraid of my chemistry teacher which lead to my inability to achieve success in that subjec t all because of spanking given to me by the teacher . This is one of the evidence why Disciplinary spanking should be banned, there is no justification for spanking, Corporal punishme nt is ineffective in long term. Spanking is bad for kids and should not be practiced in any form to correct a child's behavioral problem. Supporting Points/ Proof s Factors that leads to Aggression In as much as many people believe that corporal punishment is the most effective form of discipline, but in the other hand, the evidence shows that spanking is not an effective form of discipline because it is psychologically harmful to children. Although spanking can lead to immediate behavior modification, it does result in consequences that exceed more than the benefit s. F or example, spanking a child can cause aggression. Aggression is stimulated by external source, the stimuli being frustration (Dugan,2004 ). A state whereby the child will show violent behavior towards others or readiness to attack or confront. The child displays this behavior because he believes that every conflict is resolved with violence based on his experience. spanking can lead to immediate behavior modification, but the practice loses its effect overtime . child ren should not be spanked all the time to achieve positive result and to avoid behavioral disorder. (Pies,2016). Aggression can be associate d with verbal or physical abuse, therefore spanking should be banned in all settings, including homes. Factors that lead to Anti- Social Behavior Although, the opposition believes in corporal punishment, in contrast , spanking can lead to anti-social behavior which can be as a factor

Making A Successful And Thus A Good Team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Making A Successful And Thus A Good Team - Essay Example Mainly organizations understand that being principled is high-quality business performance and pays in the protracted run. To be moral needs taking care of others, which includes, consumers and staff, appropriately and moderately. An organization that is involved in expansion and profits must create dealings with customers and employees supported on faith. Development of the employer-employee affiliation is significant to both parties for quite a few motives (McShane & Glinow, 2004, Pp 415-417). Are you confronting your first team-building session Do you doubt what you will do How to start According to Biech (2001, Pg 72-73) Team building is an organization development involvement that provides teams an opportunity to silence in their daily work to examine what's working and what could be improved. The consultant's role in team building is one of process guide, not content expert. This article provides insight into that role. It helps the consultant understand the goals of team building and how it differs from team training. The activities and norms developed in team-building sessions are different but complementary to that characteristic of management-training and skill-building sessions. Concepts such as leadership styles, decision-making, communication patterns, motivation, competition, and morale are all relevant to the process of team development. Improved Communication The basis for almost any problem in any organization is usually communication. Good teamwork can widen the circle of communication. Teamwork goes a step beyond, however, and helps people understand each other's jobs and roles in the organization. This leads to an appreciation for colleagues and a desire to help make their jobs easier. Personal Satisfaction Team members generally report a sense of personal satisfaction. A team may provide a sense of security that allows individuals to take risks and make decisions that they would not make if they were working alone. This generally leads to growth for the organization as well as the individual. Because most of us spend about 25 percent of our lives at work, it should be a pleasant experience. Teamwork can lead the way to making work pleasurable by helping to develop personal relationships. In fact, you should not feel as if you are getting up to go to work, but instead that you are getting up to go to play each day! Clear Goals Clearly defined goals are essential so that everyone understands the purpose and vision of the team. You might be surprised at how many people do not know the reason they are doing the tasks that make up their jobs, much less what their team is doing. Everyone must be pulling in the same direction and be aware of the end goals. Clear goals help team members understand where the team is going. Clear goals help a team know when it has been successful by defining exactly what the team is doing and what it wants to